सम्राट महिर भोज प्रतिहार
वीरों और योद्धाओं की जाति गुर्जर प्रतिहार रघुवंश शिरोमणि श्रीराम के अनुज लक्ष्मण के वंशज हैं. इस वंश में एक से एक महाभट योद्धा और पराक्रमी शासक हुए जिसकी जितनी चर्चा और प्रशंसा की जाये कम है. इसी गौरवशाली वंश में सम्राट मिहिर भोज का जन्म हुआ था. उन्होंने ८३६ ईस्वी से ८८५ ईस्वी तक कभी कन्नौज तो कभी उज्जैन से शासन किया. भले ही वामपंथी इतिहासकारों ने मिहिर भोज के इतिहास को काट देने की साजिश की है, मिहिर भोज क्या उन सभी महान भारतीय सम्राटों और योद्धाओं को भारतीय इतिहास से गायब कर दिया है जिन्होंने अरबी, तुर्की मुस्लिम आक्रमणकारियों को धूल चटाया और उन्हें अरब तक या भारतवर्ष की सीमा से बाहर खदेड़ दिया, लेकिन स्कंद पुराण के प्रभास खंड में सम्राट मिहिर भोज की वीरता, शौर्य और पराक्रम के बारे में विस्तार से वर्णन है.
मिहिर भोज बचपन से ही वीर बहादुर माने जाते थे. उनका जन्म विक्रम संवत 873 को हुआ था. सम्राट मिहिर भोज की पत्नी का नाम चंद्रभट्टारिका देवी था जो भाटी राजपूत वंश की थी. मिहिर भोज की वीरता के किस्से पूरी दुनिया मे मशहूर हुए. कश्मीर के राज्य कवि कल्हण ने अपनी पुस्तक राज तरंगिणी में सम्राट मिहिर भोज का उल्लेख किया है.
राष्ट्र और धर्म की रक्षा केलिए पूर्ण समर्पित
प्रारम्भ से लेकर अंत तक उनका जीवन बहुत संघर्षपूर्ण रहा. उन्होंने अपना जीवन अश्व के पीठ पर रण में ही बिताया. अरबी, तुर्की मुसलमानो ने अपने इतिहास में उन्हें अपना सबसे बड़ा दुश्मन कहा है. मिहिर भोज के बारे में कहा जाता है कि उन्होंने मुसलमानो को केवल 5 गुफाओं (क्षेत्रों) तक सीमित कर दिया था. यह वही समय था, जिस समय मुसलमान किसी युद्ध मे केवल जीत हासिल करते थे और वहां की प्रजा को मुसलमान बना देते थे पर भारत के इस वीर क्षत्रिय सम्राट मिहिर भोज के नाम से अरबी, तुर्की आक्रान्ताओं के दिल दहल जाते थे.
उन्होंने करीब नौ लाख की केन्द्रीय अश्वारोही सेना गठित की. सामंतों का दमन कर उन्हें उनका मूल कर्तव्य याद दिलाया और अपने पूर्वज नागभट्ट प्रथम व द्वितीय की आक्रामक नीति को और भीषण रूप से लागू कर उन्होंने सिंध पर आक्रमण किया और मुस्लिम आक्रमणकारियों का भयानक संहार किया. परंतु स्थानीय हिंदू आबादी के नरसंहार की धमकी और मुल्तान के मंदिर और पुजारियों के कत्ल की भावनात्मक कपटजाल के कारण अरबों को कर देने की शर्त पर जीवन दान दे दिया.
उन्होंने हिंदू मानकों के अनुरूप ऐसा सुसंगठित प्रशासन स्थापित किया कि उनके राज में चोरी डकैती और अपराध नहीं होते थे. संपन्नता इतनी ज्यादा थी कि आम नागरिक भी दैनिक जीवन में खर्च के लिये चांदी और सोने की मुद्रायें प्रयोग करते थे.
महान प्रशासक और कूटनीतिज्ञ
अरब यात्री सुलेमान ने अपनी पुस्तक सिलसिला-उत-तारिका में लिखा है कि सम्राट मिहिर भोज के पास उंटों, घोड़ों और हाथियों की बड़ी विशाल और सर्वश्रेष्ठ सेना है. उनके राज्य में व्यापार सोने और चांदी के सिक्कों से होता है. इनके राज्य में चोरों डाकुओं का भय नहीं होता था.
मिहिर भोज के राज्य की सीमाएं उत्तर में कश्मीर से दक्षिण में कर्नाटक, आंध्रप्रदेश की सीमा तक, पूर्व में असम, उत्तरी बंगाल से लेकर पश्चिम में काबुल तक विस्तृत थी. 915 ईस्वी में भारत भ्रमण पर आये बगदाद के इतिहासकार अल मसूदी ने भी अपनी किताब मिराजुल-जहाब में लिखा कि सम्राट मिहिर भोज के पास महाशक्तिशाली, महापराक्रमी सेना है. इस सेना की संख्या चारों दिशाओं में लाखो में बताई गई है.
ऐतिहासिक साक्ष्यों के अनुसार मिहिर भोज की एक सेना कनकपाल परमार के नेतृत्व में गढ़वाल नेपाल के राघवदेव की तिब्बत के आक्रमणों से रक्षा करती थी. इसी प्रकार एक सेना अल्कान देव के नेतृत्व में पंजाब के गुर्जराज नगर के समीप नियुक्त थी जो काबुल के ललियाशाही राजाओं को तुर्किस्तान की तरफ से होने वाले आक्रमणों से रक्षा करती थी. इसकी पश्चिम की सेना मुलतान के मुसलमान शासक पर नियंत्रण करती थी. परंतु मिहिर भोज का वह वास्तविक कार्य अभी भी शेष था जिसे मुस्लिम और वामपंथी इतिहासकार छिपाते आये हैं.
जबरन धर्मान्तरित हिन्दुओं का पुनरोद्धार
मिहिर भोज का ध्यान उस समस्या पर गया जिसके हल के बारे में उनकी सोच अपने समय से 1000 वर्ष आगे की थी. यह समस्या थी भारत में अरबों के अभियान के फलस्वरूप बलात धर्मांतरित हुए हिन्दुओं की बडी संख्या. अपने ही बंधुओं से तिरस्कृत ये नवमुसलमान अपने ही देश में विदेशी अरब बनते जा रहे थे और अरबी, तुर्की आक्रमण में मुस्लिम आक्रांताओं का साथ देने के लिये विवश थे. इस्लाम के फैलाव की इस प्रवृत्ति से पूर्णपरिचित मिहिर भोज ने इसका कठोर स्थाई हल निकाला उनकी दृढ़ता के आगे ब्राह्मणों की कट्टरता इसबार आवाज नहीं उठा सकी जैसा की पहले हुआ था. उन्होंने जबरन धर्मांतरित हिंदुओं को पुनः हिन्दू धर्म में वापसी का विकल्प दिया.
अधिकांश धर्मान्तरित हिन्दुओं ने स्वेच्छा से ही “चंद्रायण व्रत” द्वारा प्रायश्चित्त कर वापस हिंदू धर्म ग्रहण कर लिया, यहाँ तक कि बलत्कृत और अपह्रत स्त्रियों को भी चंद्रायण व्रत द्वारा पूर्ण पवित्र घोषित कर उनका सम्मान लौटाया गया. उनके इस सफल प्रयास से भारत अगले 150 वर्षों तक “बाहरी और भीतरी” इस्लामी आक्रमण से मुक्त रहा. दुर्भाग्य से परवर्ती हिन्दू राजाओं ने इनके इस कुशल नीति का अनुसरण नहीं किया जिसके कारण भारत का इस्लामीकरण होता चला गया.
भगवान विष्णु और महादेव के अनन्य भक्त
सम्राट मिहिर भोज भगवान विष्णु और महादेव के परमभक्त थे. उन्होंने आदि वराह की उपाधि धारण की थी. वह उज्जैन में स्थापित भगवान महाकाल के भी अनन्य भक्त थे. उनकी सेना जय महादेव, जय विष्णु, जय महाकाल की ललकार के साथ रणक्षेत्र में दुश्मन का खात्मा कर देती थी. उन्होंने कई भवन और मन्दिर का निर्माण करवाया था. राजधानी कन्नौज में 7 किले और दस हजार मंदिर थे. उनके द्वारा बनाये गये मन्दिर आज भी मौजूद है जैसे ओरछा का चतुर्भुज मन्दिर, ग्वालियर का तेली का मन्दिर, गुजरात के त्रिनेत्रेश्वर मन्दिर, चम्बल का बटेश्वर मंदिर आदि.
मिहिर भोज के समय अरब के हमलावरों ने भारत में अपनी शक्ति बढ़ाने की कई नाकाम कोशिश की. लेकिन वह विफल रहे. साहस, शौर्य, पराक्रम वीरता और संस्कृति के रक्षक सम्राट मिहिर भोज जीवन के अंतिम वर्षों में अपने बेटे महेंद्रपाल को राज सिंहासन सौंपकर सन्यास ले लिया था. मिहिर भोज का स्वर्गवास 888 ईस्वी को 72 वर्ष की आयु में हुआ था. भारत के इतिहास में मिहिर भोज का नाम सनातन धर्म और राष्ट्र रक्षक के रूप में दर्ज है.
प्रमुख स्त्रोत:
- श्रेण्य युग-आर . सी. मजूमदार
- प्राचीन भारत का राजनैतिक और सांस्कृतिक इतिहास-डॉ. विमलचंद्र पांडे
- प्रतिहारों का मूल इतिहास लेखक-देवी सिंह मंडावा
- विंध्य क्षेत्र के प्रतिहार वंश का इतिहास लेखक-डा अनुपम सिंह
- ग्वालियर अभिलेख आदि
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