नवीनतम शोध, पौराणिक काल, प्राचीन भारत

शक (Scythian) भारतवर्ष से निर्वासित सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय थे

shak or scythian
शेयर करें

आधुनिक इतिहासकारों कि सबसे बड़ी खामियां यह है कि वे क्रिश्चियन विश्वास (बाईबल के अनुसार सृष्टि का निर्माण ४००४ ईस्वीपूर्व) के कारण उनकी ऐतिहासिक दृष्टि ३००० ईस्वीपूर्व के आसपास सिमट जाती है. उससे आगे उनमें सोचने समझने कि क्षमता दिखाई ही नहीं पड़ती है. ईसाई-मुस्लिम इतिहासकारों में जानबूझकर ईसापूर्व और इस्लाम पूर्व इतिहास को नकारने की भी गलत प्रवृति पाई जाती है. इसलिए तो इतिहासकार पी एन ओक ईसाई, इस्लामी और वामपंथी इतिहासकारों को इतिहास का दुश्मन लिखते हैं.

दूसरी ओर भारतीय ग्रंथों में सहस्त्रों वर्ष पुरानी इतिहास लिखित रूप में उपलब्ध हैं, परन्तु भारत के “ईसाई” ब्रिटिश सरकार और उनके गुलाम वामपंथी इतिहासकारों ने भारतीय ग्रंथों को अपने अपने निहित स्वार्थों के कारण मिथोलोजिकल घोषित कर रखा है. इसलिए जब आधार ही गलत हो तो इतिहास का सही रचना सम्भव ही नहीं है. जबकि भारतीय ग्रंथों को साथ में लेकर ऐतिहासिक विश्लेषण करना आसान है और तथ्यपरक भी होता है. विश्वगुरू भारत का इतिहास विकृत कर दिए जाने के कारण पूरे यूरेशिया का इतिहास विकृत हो गया है.

उपर पहले भाग “Secret of Sinauli Decoded” में हमने देखा उत्तर प्रदेश के बागपत जिला के सिनौली गाँव में खुदाई से जो हमें मिला वह मध्य एशिया के शकों के शवाधन कि संस्कृति से मिलती है. फिर हमने देखा कि  मध्य एशिया के शकों कि सामाजिक संस्कृति महाभारतकालीन भारतीय संस्कृतियों से मिलती जुलती है. अब देखिये भारतीय ग्रंथों में वर्णित इतिहास का आधुनिक ऐतिहासिक, पुरातात्विक और नृजातीय शोधों के साथ तुलनात्मक अध्ययन करने पर कैसे इतिहास कि गुत्थी आसानी से सुलझ जाती है.

शक (Scythian) कौन थे?

रामायण तथा महाभारत जैसे भारतीय साहित्यों में शकों का उल्लेख होता है. कात्यायन एवं पतंजलि भी शकों से परिचित थे. मनुस्मृति में भी शकों का उल्लेख मिलता है. पुराणों में भी शक, मुरुण्ड, यवन जातियों का उल्लेख मिलता है. कई अन्य भारतीय ग्रंथ, जैसे – गार्गीसंहिता, विशाखादत्त कृत देवीचंद्रगुप्तम, बाण कृत हर्षचरित, राजशेखर कृत काव्यमीमांसा में भी शकों का उल्लेख मिलता है. जैन ग्रंथों में शकों के विषय में विस्तृत जानकारी मिलती है. क्या इन शकों का भारत से गहरा सम्बन्ध था? आइये पता करते हैं.

शक प्राचीन आर्यों के वैदिक कालीन सम्बन्धी रहे हैं जो शाकल द्वीप पर बसने के कारण शाक अथवा शक कहलाये. भारतीय पौराणिक इतिहास के अनुसार शक्तिशाली राजा सगर (Sargon-I) द्वारा देश निकाले गए थे व लम्बे समय तक निराश्रय रहने के कारण अपना सही इतिहास सुरक्षित नहीं रख पाए.

पुराणों में इस जाति की उत्पत्ति सूर्यवंशी राजा नरिष्यंत से कही गई है. राजा सगर ने राजा नरिष्यंत को राज्यच्युत तथा देश से निर्वासित किया था. वर्णाश्रम आदि के नियमों का पालन न करने के कारण तथा ब्राह्मणों से अलग रहने के कारण वे म्लेच्छ हो गए थे. उन्हीं के वंशज शक कहलाए. (विकिपीडिया शक)

मेरा मत है राजा नरिष्यंत के वंशज नरिस्यंतियन (जैसे महाराष्ट्रियन, गुजरातियन) कहे जाते होंगे. उच्चारण में कठिनाई के कारण कालान्तर में “नर” गौण हो गया और ये “सियंतियन” कहलाने लगे जो परवर्ती काल में “सियथियन/सीथियन (Scythian)” हो गया. इंडो-यूरोपियन भाषा में “त” का “थ” और “थ” का “त” हो जाता है. भाषाविदों को इस पर शोध करने की आवश्यकता है.

उपर्युक्त ऐतिहासिक तथ्यों से स्पष्ट है शकों कि संस्कृति कमोवेश भारतीय संस्कृति ही थी. उनकी धार्मिक आस्था और परम्परा भी, आगे देखेंगे, किंचित स्थानीय परिवर्तनों के साथ भारतीय ही थे. क्यों? क्योंकि उनके पूर्वज भारतीय थे. पुराणों में इस शक जाति की उत्पत्ति  भारतीय सूर्यवंशी राजा नरिष्यंत से कही गई है जिसे राजा सगर के द्वारा राज्यच्युत तथा देश से निर्वासित किया था.

आधुनिक विद्वनों का भी मत है कि मध्य एशिया पहले शकद्वीप के नाम से प्रसिद्ध था. उसी मध्य एशिया के रहनेवाले शक कहे जाते थे. ये खुद को भारतीय राजाओं कि तरह देवपुत्र कहते थे, महाराजाधिराज और महाराज की उपाधि धारण करते थे जो उनकी मुद्राओं पर अंकित है. इनके अधीनस्थ राजा और सामंत क्षत्रप कहे जाते थे जो क्षत्रिय का ही अपभ्रंश है.

शकों की ही एक शाखा हैं खस जातियां

शकों के साधारण कब्रों में भी खान-पान सहित बर्तनों को रक्खा जाना आवश्यक समझा जाता था. यह प्रथा शकों की एक शाखा खसों में ईस्वी सन के आरम्भ से पीछे तक भी पाई जाती थी. यह लद्दाख से कुमाऊ तक मिलने वाली खस-समाधियों से सिद्ध है. टोलेमी और दूसरे लेखकों ने हिमालय के खसों का वर्णन किया है. गिलगित चित्राल में कसकर, कश्मीर में कश, काशगर में खशगिरी और कश्मीर से पूरब नेपाल तक खस जाति तथा नेपाली भाषा का दूसरा नाम खसकुरा यही बतलाते हैं. (मध्य एशिया का इतिहास, लेखक-राहुल सांकृत्यायन)

Michael Witzel और Christopher Beckwith का मानना हैं कि, “the Shakyas, the clan of the historical Gautama Buddha, were originally Scythians from Central Asia, and that the Indian ethnonym Śākya has the same origin as “Scythian”, called Sakas in India. (Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho’s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–21)

अब भारतीय ग्रंथों में शकों के वर्णन का उपर्युक्त शोध से मिलान कीजिए. भारतीय ग्रंथों के अनुसार शकों के पूर्वज भारतीय सूर्यवंशी राजा नरिष्यंत थे जिसे इच्छ्वाकू वंशी सूर्यवंशी राजा सगर ने देश निकाला दे दिया था जो श्रीराम के पूर्वज थे और अयोध्या उनकी राजधानी थे. भारत नेपाल सीमा पर स्थित कपिलवस्तु के राजा शुद्धोदन और उनका पुत्र गौतम बुद्ध का क्षत्रिय कुल “शाक्य” था और शाक्य क्षत्रिय भी इच्छ्वाकू वंशी माने जाते हैं (पी. एन. ओक). ऐतिहासिक काल में शक मध्य एशिया के तारिम बेसिन से लेकर नेपाल तक फैले हुए थे.

अतः इन सब से स्पष्ट है शक भारतीय मूल के इच्छ्वाकू वंशी शाखा के सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय थे जो आर्य (श्रेष्ठ) संस्कृति के विरुद्ध कार्य करने पर भारतवर्ष से निष्काषित कर दिए गये. वे भारतवर्ष की सीमा से लगे कुर्गान, तारिम बेसिन में बसे फिर वहां से पश्चिम और उत्तर में बढ़ गये. उन्ही की एक शाखा खस भारतवर्ष की उत्तरी सीमाप्रान्त गिलगित, चित्राल, लद्दाख, कुमाऊ से नेपाल तक फ़ैल गये.

यहाँ मैं स्पष्ट कर दूँ हमारा वेबसाइट अंग्रेजों और वामपंथी इतिहासकारों के मनगढ़ंत और साम्राज्यवादी षड्यंत्र साबित हो चुके “आर्यों के आक्रमण”, “आर्यों के माईग्रेशन” के सिद्धांत का विरोध करता है और “आर्यों के बहिर्गमन” के सिद्धांत का समर्थन करता है जो भारत के प्राचीन ग्रंथों में लिखित है और जिसे आधुनिक ऐतिहासिक, नृजातीय और वैज्ञानिक शोधों से मान्यता मिल चुकी है.

शकों के धार्मिक विश्वास

शकों के सूर्य देवता

शकों के परम देवता सूर्य थे (क्योंकि ये सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रिय थे). इसका पता ग्रीक पुस्तकों से ही नहीं मिलता है, बल्कि भारत में शकों जैसी बूटधारी सूर्य-प्रतिमाओं का व्यापक प्रसार तथा ईसाई धर्म स्वीकार करने से पहले रूसियों में सूर्य देवता कि पूजा का प्रचलन भी इसी बात को बतलाती है (रूस कि अधिकांश जातियां शकों के ही वंशज हैं). सूर्य के अतिरिक्त दिवु शकों के पूज्य देवता थे जो कि वैदिक द्यौ है. अपिया (आप्या) के नाम से पृथ्वी माता की पूजा की जाती थी. सूर्य को वे स्वलियु कहते थे जिसमें ‘र’ के स्थान में ‘ल’ के साथ शकों के अत्यंत प्रेम को हटा देने पर सूर्य शब्द साफ दिखाई पड़ेगा. स्वलियु देवता दिवू पिता और अपिया माता का पुत्र था.

‘पक’ भी एक प्रधान देवता था, जो वेद में ‘भग’ ईरानी में ‘बग’ (बगदाद = भगदत्त) और रूसी में ‘बोग’ के रूप में मौजूद है. राजा या बड़े सरदार को शक लोग पकपूर कहते थे, जो कि भगपूर अर्थात भगपुत्र का ही रूपांतरण है.

(स्रोत: १. Les Scythes (F G Bergmann); २.वेस्लिक द्रेब्नेई इस्तोरिड १९४७; ३. मध्य एशिया का इतिहास)

मध्य एशिया से प्राप्त यूची शकों के सिक्के

ये प्रारम्भ में शैव धर्म को मानते थे (विकिपीडिया शक). मध्य एशिया का इतिहास लिखनेवाले राहुल सांकृत्यायन कुषाणों को शकों की ही एक शाखा मानते हैं. अन्य कई इतिहासकार भी कुषाणों को शक ही मानते हैं (विकिपीडिया शक). कुषाण शैव धर्म को मानने वाले थे. राहुल सांकृत्यायन अपने ग्रन्थ मध्य एशिया का इतिहास में लिखते हैं “ऐसा नहीं है कि यूची शक (कुषाण) भारत आने के बाद भारतीय संस्कृति और धर्म को अपना लिए बल्कि वे जहाँ के थे अर्थात मध्य-पूर्व एशिया के तारिम बेसिन में हिन्दू ही रहा करते थे.” उन्होंने ‘यूची’ के लिए भारतीय शब्द ‘ऋषिक’ लिखा है.

महाभारत में अर्जुन द्वारा दिग्विजय के समय ऋषिक जातियों और कम्बोजों को हराने का उल्लेख मिलता है और शकों तथा कम्बोजों के महाभारत के युद्ध में पांडवों के विरुद्ध कौरवों के पक्ष में युद्ध करने का भी उल्लेख है.

शकों की भाषा

शकों के आधुनिक वंशज स्लावों (रूसी आदि जातियों) कि भाषा आज भी संश्लेषनात्मक हैं-उसमें क्रिया तथा शब्द के रूपों में प्रत्यय संस्कृत की भांति अभिन्न अंग के तौर पर प्रयुक्त होते हैं और सहायक क्रियाओं का उपयोग आज भी नहीं देखा जाता. इससे उनमें यह विशेषता देखी जाती है कि भाषा के ढांचे कि दृष्टि से स्लाव भाषाएँ संस्कृत से जितनी नजदीक हैं, उतनी हमारे यहाँ कि कोई जीवित भाषा नहीं है. (मध्य एशिया का इतिहास, लेखक-राहुल सांकृत्यायन)

भारतीय भाषाविद वीर राजेंद्र ऋषि ने भारतीय भाषा और मध्य एशिया में प्रचलित भाषाओँ में बहुत सी समानताएं ढूंड निकाला है. (Indian Institute of Romani Studies at Archive.today)

खोतान और तारिम बेसिन के अन्य पुरातात्विक साक्ष्यों और दस्तावेजों से पता चलता है कि शक लोग प्राकृत भाषा और खरोष्ठी लिपि का प्रयोग करते थे. खोतान में पहली शताब्दी के मिले सिक्कों पर चायनीज और प्राकृत भाषा में लेख मिले हैं जिनसे इनके चाईना और भारत से जुड़े होने के संकेत मिलते हैं. (Emmerick, R. E. (14 April 1983). “Chapter 7: Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs)

मध्य एशिया के खोरासन और बाह्लीक प्रदेशों के शक, कुषाण, हूण, तुर्की आदि संस्कृत-तुर्की मिश्रित भाषा बोलते थे. इन क्षेत्रों में प्राचीन समय में सतेम भाषा बोली जाती थी जिन्हें संस्कृत के पूर्वज कह सकते हैं. हमें यह भी ध्यान रखना चाहिए कि भारतवर्ष के महाभारत कालीन राज्य उत्तर मद्र (मिदिया), साल्व और कम्बोज मध्य एशिया में ही था.

शकों के आर्य संस्कृति से सम्बद्ध होने के अन्य प्रमाण

१.         विशाख दत्त कि पुस्तक मुद्राराक्षस के अनुसार अल्क्क्षेन्द्र (सिकन्दर) कि मृत्यु के बाद शकों, कम्बोजों, पार्थियनों और बाह्लिकों ने चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य का सहयोग मगध पर विजय प्राप्त करने में किया था. (Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times.)

ऐतिहासिक विवरणों से पता चलता है ये सभी स्थानीय परिवर्तनों सहित आर्य संस्कृति को माननेवाले सूर्यपूजक और मूर्तिपूजक लोग ही थे.

२.         The Indo-Scythians were named “Shaka” in India, an extension on the name Saka used by the Persians to designate Scythians. From the time of the Mahabharata wars Shakas receive numerous mentions in texts like the Puranas, the Manusmriti, the Ramayana (बालकाण्ड), the Mahabharata, the Mahabhasiya of Patanjali, the Brhat Samhita of Vraha Mihira, the Kavyamimamsa, the Katha-Saritsagara and several other old texts. They are described as war-like tribes (क्षत्रिय)…( Indo-Scythians in Indian literature)

भारतीय ग्रंथों में इनका वर्णन म्लेच्छ के रूप में हुआ है क्योंकि इन्हें आर्य (श्रेष्ठ) संस्कृति के विरुद्ध कार्य करने के कारण ही भारतवर्ष से निर्वासिक्त किया गया था. श्रीराम के पूर्वज राजा सगर द्वारा निर्वासित किये जाने के कारण बाल्मीकि रामायण में भी इनका उल्लेख म्लेच्छ के रूप में मिलता है.

३.         शकों के भारतीय होने के दो अन्य बड़ा सबूत में से पहला यह है कि शकों का शासन चाहे सिन्धु के पार हो या गुजरात, महाराष्ट्र, पंजाब, हरियाणा में. लिपि को छोड़ दें तो वे भारतीय सभ्यता, संस्कृति, धर्म और परम्परा का ही पालन करते थे. इसका सबसे बड़ा प्रमाण तो यह है कि ब्रिटिश इतिहासकारों और वामपंथी इतिहासकारों ने तो भारतीय सभ्यता, संस्कृति, धर्म और परम्परा के रक्षक राजपूतों को शकों और हूणों का वंशज ही घोषित कर रखा है. इतना ही नहीं, भारत का राष्ट्रिय पंचांग शकों द्वारा चलाया गया “शक सम्वत” है जो किंचित परिवर्तन के साथ पूर्णतय: वैदिक पंचांग ही है.

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