नवीनतम शोध, प्राचीन भारत

मध्य एशिया का वैदिक इतिहास: बौद्ध राज्यों के उदय, प्रसार और तीर्थस्थलों का भ्रमण

Indian-history
शेयर करें

पश्चिमोत्तर भारतवर्ष का बाह्लीक प्रदेश जो उत्तरी अफगानिस्तान और तुर्कमेनिस्तान-उज्बेकिस्तान में विस्तृत था सिकन्दर के आक्रमण के समय से ही ग्रीकों के कब्जे में आ गया था. मध्य एशिया में प्रथम बौद्ध राज्य यही बाह्लीक प्रदेश (बैक्ट्रिया) बना. यह एक राजनितिक निर्णय था. आधुनिक पाकिस्तान और अफगानिस्तान के बहुत से राज्य अशोक के समय बौद्ध धर्मी या बौद्ध धर्म के संरक्षक बन गये थे. बहुत बड़ी संख्यां में यहाँ के हिन्दू भी बौद्ध धर्म अपना लिए थे.

ग्रीको-बैक्ट्रियन बौद्ध शासन

ग्रीको-बैक्ट्रियन बौद्ध राज्य

ग्रीको-बैक्ट्रियन राज्य कि स्थापना दिवोदत प्रथम (२४५-२३० ईस्वीपूर्व) ने किया था. इसी के वंश में दिमित्री (डेमेत्रियस) आगे राजा बना जो सेल्यूकस के नाती और चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य के बेटे का दामाद था. यह खुद बौद्ध था या नहीं स्पष्ट नहीं है पर वह बौद्ध धर्म का संरक्षक था, सम्भवतः उसने ही Termiz नगर और वहां के बौद्ध मठ का निर्माण करवाया था. मगध के कमजोर मौर्य शासकों के कारण मौर्य साम्राज्य पर अधिकार करने हेतु इसने भारत पर आक्रमण किया था और कुछ हद तक सफल भी हुआ था. मिनांडर इसी का सेनापति था. (मध्य भारत का इतिहास, लेखक-राहुल सांकृत्यायन)

मिनांडर जब बाह्लीक प्रदेश का ग्रीक शासक बना तो उसने दिमित्री के अधूरे कार्य को पूरा करने कि सोचा. वह मगध के अहिंसक, कमजोर और प्रज्ञाहीन शासन का लाभ उठाकर पश्चिमोत्तर भारत के बौद्धों के सहयोग से सिन्धु नदी के पार भारतीय क्षेत्र पर विजय पाना चाहता था इसलिए वह भी बौद्ध बन गया था. परन्तु मगध में सत्ता परिवर्तन हो गया और पराक्रमी पुष्यमित्र शुंग ने सत्ता सम्भाल लिया. इसलिए मिनांडर बौद्धों के सहयोग से भारत में अंदर तक घुसने में सफल हुआ पर पुष्यमित्र शुंग ने उसे वापस बैक्ट्रिया (बाह्लीक) तक ढकेल दिया. इतिहास में इन्हें ही ग्रीको-बैक्ट्रियन बौद्ध कहा जाता है. प्रारम्भ में इन्ही के द्वारा मध्य एशिया में बौद्ध धर्म फैला. ग्रीस में भी बौद्ध धर्म इन्ही ग्रीको-बैक्ट्रियन बौद्धों के द्वारा फैला था.

ग्रीको-बैक्ट्रिया राज्य पर कुषाणों का अधिकार

१३५ ईसा पूर्व में कुषाण हिन्दू कुश पर्वत क्षेत्र में वक्षु नदी (आधुनिक आमू दरिया) के उत्तरी और दक्षिणी हिन्दू कुश पर्वत क्षेत्रो पर काबिज़ थे. ३२७ ई.पू में सिकंदर के भारत आक्रमण के पश्चात यहाँ यूनानी बस गए थे तथा वे इस क्षेत्र को बैक्ट्रिया के नाम से पुकारते थे.

बैक्ट्रिया पर पहले शकों ने हमला किया, फिर शकों और ग्रीकों को खदेड़ते हुए बाह्लीक राज्य की राजसत्ता कुषाणों ने यूनानियो को पराजित कर छीन लिया. कुजुल कडफिसस (३० ईस्वी से ८० ईस्वी तक) को कुषाण वंश का संस्थापक माना जाता है. चीन के ऐतिहासिक ग्रन्थ होऊ हंशु (Hou Hanshu) के अनुसार कुषाणों के सरदार कुजुल कड़फिसस ने बाह्लीक प्रदेश के दक्षिण में स्थित कपिशा और गंधार राज्यों को जीत लिया. कपिशा एक प्रतिष्ठित राज्य था. कपिशा राज्य का नाम उसके प्रसिद्ध नगर और राजधानी ‘कपिशा’ के नाम पर पडा था. यह नगर काबुल से ५० मील उत्तर में स्थित था. (विकिपीडिया)

कुषाणों द्वारा बौद्ध धर्म का प्रसार

कनिष्क के समय कुषाण साम्राज्य

कुजुल कड़फिसस का भारतीय नाम गुजुर कपिशिया (कपिशा का रहनेवाला) था. वह शैव धर्म को मानने वाला था. हिन्दू होने के कारण सर्वधर्म समभाव की भावना उसमें भी थी. इसलिए वह ग्रीक, बौद्ध, जरथ्रुष्ट धर्म को भी संरक्षण दिया. यह क्षेत्र लगभग ३५० वर्ष तक ग्रीकों के कब्जे में रहा, इसलिए कुषाणों पर ग्रीक धर्म, संस्कृति, भाषा और वेशभूषा का भी काफी प्रभाव दिखाई देता है.

प्रारम्भिक कुषाणों का राजनितिक संस्कृति और भाषा भी सम्भवतः ग्रीक ही रहा बाद में संस्कृत-बाह्लीक और लिपि खरोष्ठी-ब्राह्मी हो गया. इसके पौत्र का नाम भीम कपिशिया (वीम कडफिसस) था और यह भी शैव धर्मी ही था. इसी का पुत्र हुआ प्रसिद्ध राजा कनिष्क जिसने मिनान्डर कि नीति पर चलते हुए बौद्ध धर्म अपना लिया और आधुनिक पाकिस्तान, अफगानिस्तान, दक्षिण-मध्य एशिया, शिनजियांग यहाँ तक कि सिन्ध के पार के भारत के कुछ भूभाग पर भी शासन किया.

(शक, कुषाण और हूण हिन्दू क्षत्रिय वंशी थे यह आगे एक अलग लेख में विस्तृत प्रमाण के साथ रखा जायेगा)

ईरान के ससानिद क्षत्रियों के द्वारा बौद्ध धर्म का प्रसार

तीसरी शताब्दी में ईरान के जरथुस्त्र धर्मी ससानिद क्षत्रियों ने कुषाणों को हराकर बाह्लीक प्रदेश पर अधिकार कर लिया. प्रारम्भ में उन्होंने बौद्धों का विरोध किया और जरथुस्त्र धर्म पर जोर दिया परन्तु बाद में कई बौद्ध मठों का निर्माण करवाया. उन्ही के समय में बामियान कि पहाड़ियों में विशाल बौद्ध मूर्तियों का निर्माण करवाया गया था. बुद्ध धर्म और जरथुष्ट्र धर्म आपस में इतने घुल मिल गये कि जोराष्ट्रधर्मियों के अहुर्मज्दा कि तरह एक नए देवता “बुद्ध-मज्दा” बन गये थे.

हूणों द्वारा मध्य एशिया में बौद्ध धर्म का प्रसार

पांचवी शताब्दी में संस्कृत-तुर्की (Chorasmian) भाषा बोलने वाले हूणों ने पूरे मध्य एशिया को जीतकर एक विशाल साम्राज्य कि स्थापना कि जो कैस्पियन सागर से लेकर काशगर और अरल सागर से भारत के सिन्ध तक विस्तृत था. संक्षेप में कहें तो ये महाभारतकालीन राज्य मद्र और साल्व के क्षत्रिय वंशी थे. उन्होंने सोगदियाना के बौद्ध राज्यों विशेषकर समरकंद से ज्यादा छेड़छाड़ नहीं किया. उन्होंने भी बौद्ध धर्म को प्रश्रय दिया और बहुत से बौद्ध मन्दिर निर्माण किये.  इसके समय में बौद्ध धर्म का प्रसार चीन के तारिम बेसिन तक था. खोतान, यारकंद और काशगर के शक राज्य पहले ही बौद्ध बन चुके थे. ये व्यापारिक मार्ग सिल्क मार्ग पर विस्तृत थे इसलिए उनका व्यापार उन्नत था.

पूर्वी हूण और तुर्की बौद्ध

चीनी स्रोतों के अनुसार तुर्क और तातार पूर्वी हूणों के ही वंशज या शाखा थे जिसका पुराना नाम अश्वसेना था. चीन मंगोल से निकले हूणों ने कुषाणों और शकों को पश्चिम कि ओर ढकेलते हुए मध्य पूर्व एशिया तक अधिकार कर लिया. इन्ही के वंशज या इन्ही से निकला एक कबीला बाद में तुर्क कहलाने लगे. तुर्क तोबा खाकान (खान) ने ५७० ईस्वी में बौद्ध धर्म ग्रहण कर लिया और उसके बाद तुर्क अहिंसक बनने की कोशिश करने लगे. तोबा खान ने बहुत से बौद्ध स्तूप और मठ बनबाये थे.

इन्ही तुर्कों का एक सरदार दालोब्यान नीच कुल कि स्त्री से जन्म लेने के कारण कगान (राजा) नहीं बन पाने के कारण अलग तुर्क राज्य कि स्थापना कि जिन्हें पश्चिमी तुर्क के नाम से जाना जाता हैं. इन्होने ही श्वेत हूणों को खत्म कर मध्य एशिया में भी तुर्क साम्राज्य कि स्थापना की. इन्होने भी बौद्ध धर्म अपना लिया और बौद्ध धर्म का संरक्षण और विकास किया. (मध्य भारत का इतिहास, लेखक-राहुल सांकृत्यायन)

इनके समय में मध्य एशिया से लेकर चीनी तुर्किस्तान और आधुनिक सम्पूर्ण शिनजियांग प्रान्त (उईगर बौद्ध) तक बौद्ध धर्म फ़ैल गया था जिनमें जोराष्ट्रधर्मी, आर्यधर्मी (हिन्दू) और कुछ ईसाई भी शामिल भी शामिल थे.

समरकंद नगर प्राचीन मार्कण्डेय नगर है

ग्रीक इतिहासकार ओरियन के अनुसार मारकण्ड यह सागदियाना की राजधानी थी. मारकण्ड शायद वही नगर है जिसे ईरानी लोग आजकल समरकंद कहते हैं- Sir W Drummond का ग्रन्थ पेज ३२२

मारकण्ड वास्तव में मार्कण्डेय है अर्थात समरकंद नगर का पुराना नाम मार्कण्डेय नगर था क्योंकि वहां ऋषि मार्कण्डेय का आश्रम और गुरुकुल था. सागदियाना राजकुल प्राचीन शुद्धोधन शब्द है. समरकंद पर मुस्लिमों के अधिकार करने से पूर्व समरकंद बौद्ध नगर था और यहाँ का राजा भी बौद्ध था. अंतिम बौद्ध राजा का राजमहल अब तैमूर लंग का मकबरा कहा जाता है-पी एन ओक

Sir W Drummond ने उल्लेख किया है, “A lion surmounted by the solar orb, was the device of the ancient monarchs of India.”

यही चिन्ह समरकंद में उस विशाल महल के प्रवेश द्वार के दोनों उपरले कोनों पर अंकित है जिस इमारत को तैमूरलंग का कब्र कहा जाता है. इससे पता चलता है कि तैमूरलंग जिस अधिग्रहित महल में रहता था और अब जो उसका मकबरा है वह प्राचीन क्षत्रियों कि ईमारत है. उसके दोनों कोनों में “रो राजचिन्ह” खुदा है. वहां के गाईड उसे सूरसाडूल कहते हैं और कबूल करते हैं कि उसका अर्थ उन्हें ज्ञात नहीं है.

समरकंद के प्राचीन क्षत्रियों का महल जो अब तैमूर लंगड़ा का मकबरा कहा जाता है

सूरसाडूल वास्तव में सूर्यशार्दूल शब्द है जो सूर्य और शार्दूल जिसका मतलब सिंह होता है से बना है. सूर्य वंशी क्षत्रियों के पराक्रम को सूचित करता है. संस्कृत शब्द और क्षत्रिय राजचिन्ह इस बात के स्पष्ट प्रमाण हैं कि तैमूर का मकबरा प्राचीन हिन्दू राजकुल का महल है. भारत के सूर्यवंशी क्षत्रियों के बीकानेर रियासत में राजा और दरबारियों के क्रीड़ामंडल को साडूल क्लब कहा जाता था. (साभार वैदिक विश्वराष्ट्र का इतिहास भाग-२) उपर्युक्त से स्पष्ट है सोगदियाना के लोग बौद्ध बनने से पहले हिन्दू ही थे.

मध्य एशिया के हिन्दू-बौद्ध स्थल

उज्बेकिस्तान के किसी भी टूरिज्म वेबसाइट पर जायेंगे तो उसमें ११-१२ दिनों के बौद्ध मार्ग भ्रमण का टूर पैकेज मिलेगा. यह यात्रा ताशकंद से प्रारम्भ होकर बौद्ध क्षेत्र Termiz-समरकंद-बुखारा-खीवा-नुकुस होते हुए वापस ताशकंद चला जाता है. बौद्ध स्थलों के दर्शन के लिए उज्बेकिस्तान सरकार से १५ दिन पहले अनुमति प्राप्त करना जरुरी होता है.

Kara-Tepe

बौद्ध स्थल कारा टेपे पुरानी Termiz शहर के उत्तर-पश्चिम में तीन पहाड़ियों पर स्थित है. यहाँ बहुत से मन्दिर और मठ हैं जो द्वितीय शताब्दी या उसके पूर्व बनाये गये थे. दूसरी और तीसरी शताब्दी में यह बौद्ध स्थल सबसे अधिक विख्यात था और छठी शताब्दी ईस्वी तक यहाँ पूजा पाठ होता रहा. अरब आक्रमणकारियों ने अन्य बौद्ध स्थलों और मन्दिरों सहित इन्हें भी नष्ट भ्रष्ट कर दिया परन्तु फिर भी बचे खुचे हिन्दुओं, बौद्धों जिन्होंने जिन्दा रहने के एवज में कर देना स्वीकार कर लिया था विशेष धार्मिक कर देकर इस स्थान पर दर्शन पूजा करने आते रहते थे परन्तु समय के साथ वे भी खत्म कर दिए गए और यह स्थल अतीत कि गहराई में विलीन हो गया था. यहाँ के बुद्धिष्ट मठाधीश कश्मीर चले गये जहाँ कार्कोट वंशी हिन्दुओं का शासन था और जो बौध्दों के संरक्षक भी थे. (विकिपीडिया)

कारा टेपे बौद्ध तीर्थस्थल

उज्बेकिस्तान के Kara Tepe में रूसी पुरातत्ववेत्ताओं ने उत्खनन किया जिसका रिपोर्ट २७ नवम्बर, १९८३ को इंडियन एक्सप्रेस दैनिक में प्रकाशित हुआ था. उसमें रिपोर्टर एस के मल्हान लिखते हैं, “रशिया के दक्षिण उज्बेक स्थान में Termez (प्राचीन शहर) के समीप Kare Tepe पहाड़ी में उत्खनन किया तो सोवियत मध्य एशिया तथा भारत के बीच प्राचीन सांस्कृतिक सम्बन्धों का एक और सूत्र हाथ आया.

Huai Tsao नाम का एक यात्री सन ७२८ ईस्वी में Termez गाँव पहुंचा. उस भेंट के संस्मरण उसने लिखे हैं. उसके अनुसार Hua-To-Lo (हट्टल) के राजा और प्रजा बौद्ध थे. उस प्रदेश में कई बौद्ध विहार थे. एक प्राचीन दस्तावेज में ७ वीं शताब्दी के मध्य में समरकंद के कुछ बौद्ध मन्दिरों के जीर्णोधार का वर्णन पाया जाता है.

बौद्ध स्थल कारा टेपे

तिन शिखर वाले उस पहाड़ी के दक्षिण अग्र में ही अभी उत्खनन हो पाया है तथापि उससे स्पष्ट दिखाई देता है कि उस बौद्ध केंद्र में दर्जनों भिन्न विहार बने हुए हैं. प्रत्येक में कई गुफाएँ तथा मन्दिर, कक्ष, सभागृह आदि बनाए गए हैं. कई स्थानों पर उनकी दो दो कतारें हैं. कुछ विहारों में स्तूप बने हुए हैं तो कहीं खम्बों वाले दालान थे जिन्हें एवान कहा जाता था. वे गुफा, मन्दिर तथा एवान प्रायः रंगीन चित्रों से सजाए गए हैं. चित्र या तो देवताओं के या दान देने वालों के या पौराणिक कथाओं के प्रसंग के बने हुए हैं.

इतिहासकार पी एन ओक लिखते हैं, “Kara Tepe में विभिन्न भाषा तथा लिपियों के शिलालेख पाए गए हैं. उनमें कुछ तो ग्रीक वर्णमाला वाली कुषाण लिपि में, ब्राह्मी में, खरोष्ठी में मध्य ईरानी लिपि में और आर्मेइक लिपि में है. वहां कि बुद्ध मूर्तियाँ भारतीय बुद्ध मूर्तियों जैसी है.

Fayaz-Tepe, Termez

फयाज टेपे बौद्ध मन्दिर, उज्बेकिस्तान (पुनर्निर्मित)

बौद्ध स्थल फयाज टेपे कि खोज पुरातत्वविद एल अल्बौम ने कारा टेपे के समीप पहाड़ियों कि खुदाई के दौरान ही १९६३ में खोजा था. यह मन्दिर परिसर बेहतरीन चित्रकारी और मूर्तिकला से भरा हुआ है. परिसर U आकार के श्रृंखला में है जिसमें कमरा, बरामदा, गर्भगृह बना हुआ है. यहाँ बौद्ध डगोबा भी है जो विशेष आकर्षण का केंद्र है.

फयाज टेपे से मिली बौद्ध मूर्ति, उज्बेकिस्तान

यहाँ से जो बुद्ध कि मूर्तियाँ मिली है वह पवित्र बोधि वृक्ष के निचे विराजमान है और दो बौद्ध संत दोनों ओर खड़े हैं. मूर्तियाँ चुना पत्थर से निर्मित है और सोने के पतर से ढंकी हुई है. आज यह उज्बेकिस्तान के State Museum of History के प्रदर्शन में सबसे कीमती प्रदर्शित मूर्ति है. यहाँ मन्दिर के निकट दस मीटर ऊँचा विशाल बौद्ध डगोबा मिला है. इसके भी तीन मीटर ऊँचा एक छोटा डगोबा भी बना है. ये पहली शताब्दी ईस्वी के है. (विकिपीडिया)

Gyaur-Kala – The Fortress of Infidels

गयूर-काला, उज्बेकिस्तान

गयूर-काला आधुनिक उज्बेकिस्तान के करकल्पस्थान (Karakalpakstan, now Nukus) में स्थित है जो प्राचीन खोरासन का हिस्सा है जिसकी राजधानी निशापुर थी. यह सिल्क रूट पर स्थित नगर था जो सम्भवतः रात्रिकालीन विश्राम केलिए सबसे उपयुक्त जगह होने के कारण निशापुर कहा जाता था.

अरबी आक्रमणकारियों ने इसे नष्ट कर दिया और इसे गयूर-काला अर्थात “भगवानवादियों का किला” कहने लगे और आज यह इसी नाम से जाना जाता है. यह किला सम्भवतः चौथी शताब्दी में निर्माण कराया गया था. इसकी दीवार दस मीटर ऊँची है. यह दो छोटी किला को चारों ओर से घेरे हुए हैं जिनमे एक मन्दिर है और दूसरे के निर्माण का उद्देश स्पष्ट नहीं हो सका है. सम्भवतः दूसरा किला मन्दिर कि सुरक्षा केलिए बनाया गया हो सकता है. ऐसा माना जाता है कि भृगुवंशी रिज्रास्व ऋषि का दौहित्र जर्थ्रुस्थ ने जेंदा अवेस्ता ग्रन्थ कि रचना इसी क्षेत्र में किया था.

The Fortress of Lost Ram

The Fortress of Lost Ram, Ujbekistan

The Fortress of Lost Ram कि खोज १९३८ में हुई थी. यह एक शक्तिशाली वृताकार किला था जिसके भीतर एक छोटा किला था. बाहरी किले का व्यास ९० मीटर और भीतरी किले का व्यास ४२ मीटर था. यहाँ से हजारों मृद्भांड, कांसे के नोक वाले तीर आदि मिले हैं. पुरातत्वविदों के अनुसार यह प्राचीन खोरासन का सबसे प्राचीन स्मृति चिन्ह है.

१९५० में हुए खुदाई से पता चलता है कि यह निर्माण द्वि स्तरीय है. पहली बार सम्भवतः पहली शताब्दी में निर्मित हुई और दूसरी बार तीसरी चौथी शताब्दी में. खोरासन के इस सबसे प्राचीन किले के एक हिस्से में मन्दिर बना है और एक हिस्सा सम्भवतः प्राचीन राजा-रानी के शवगृह के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता था. किले में रहने वाले लोग नदी देवी अनाखिता और सूर्य देवता सियावुस कि पूजा करते थे. मन्दिर का पश्चिमी हिस्सा में अनाखिता देवी का मन्दिर था और पूर्वी हिस्से में सूर्यदेवता सियावुस का जो वहां मिले असंख्य वर्तनों और अवशेषों पर देवताओं के मिले चित्रों से पता चलता है. यह किला अब तक एक ऐतिहासिक पहेली बना हुआ है, जो प्राचीन खोरेज़म के अन्य किलों के बीच अपने अद्वितीय डिजाइन के साथ खड़ा है.

(Source: https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/karakalpakstan/koy-krylgan-kala.htm )

उपर्युक्त के सम्बन्ध में लेखक की राय

खोरासन प्राचीन मद्र राज्य का हिस्सा था और देशी विदेशी इतिहासकारों के अनुसार यह क्षेत्र २५०० ईस्वी पूर्व तक वैदिक हिन्दुओं का गढ़ था, सातवीं शताब्दी तक यहाँ बौद्ध, हिन्दू और जरथ्रुष्टधर्मी लोग रहते थे. इसलिए मेरा मत है किले के भीतर जिस सूर्य देवता और अनाखिता देवी कि बात कि जाती है वह वास्तव में श्रीराम और सीता देवी का मन्दिर हो सकता है. इसीलिए यह किला The Fortress of Lost Ram के नाम से आजतक जाना जाता है.

“सियावुस” जिसकी पहचान सूर्य देवता के रूप में की गयी है वह “सूर्यवंशी सियापति” अर्थात श्रीराम हो सकते हैं. परवर्ती काल में इस क्षेत्र के जोराष्ट्रीयन प्रभाव में आ जाने के कारण सीता देवी को अनाखिता देवी मान लिया गया लगता है और सियापति को सियावुश जबकि जोराष्ट्रधर्मी के सूर्य देवता ‘मित्रस’ कहलाते थे और प्राचीन मध्य एशिया में सूर्य देवता ‘सवित्र’ कहलाते थे.

आधुनिक ऐतिहासिक शोधों में इराक और ईटली में भी रामायण प्रसंगों के पेंटिंग्स और पहाड़ कि गुफाओं में मूर्तियाँ उत्कीर्ण मिली है. मध्य एशिया का यह हिस्सा तो प्राचीन भारतवर्ष का हिस्सा रहा है. इसलिए यहाँ श्रीराम सीता का मन्दिर आश्चर्य कि बात नहीं है. उन्ही कि यादें  Fortress of Lost Ram में अभी तक जिन्दा है.

“ईरान, कोल्चिस और आर्मेनिया के प्राचीन नक्शे से उन प्रदेशों में भारतीय बसे थे इसके स्पष्ट और आश्चर्यकारी प्रमाण मिलते हैं. और रामायण तथा महाभारत के अनेक तथ्यों के वहां प्रमाण मिलते हैं. उन सारे नक्शे में बड़ी मात्रा में उन प्रदेशों में भारतियों के बस्ती का विपुल ब्यौरा मिलता है” (पेज ४७, इंडिया इन ग्रीस, लेखक एडवर्ड पोकोक)

तो प्राचीन मद्र राज्य का हिस्सा उज्बेकिस्तान में श्रीराम सीता का मन्दिर होना कोई बड़ी बात नहीं लगता है. वहां से उत्खनन में मिले प्रमाणों में ‘तीर’, ‘राम’ और ‘सिया’ शब्द भारतवर्ष के राम सीता से सम्बन्धित हैं.

यह किला जोराष्ट्र पंथी हिन्दुओं का नहीं था यह इस बात से भी पुष्ट होता है कि जोराष्ट्र पंथी हिन्दू शव दाह या दफन नहीं करते थे बल्कि वे शव को खुले में छोड़ देते थे ताकि पशु-पक्षी उनका भक्षण कर सकें और उनके मृत शरीर भी किसी के काम आ सके. परन्तु किले के एक भाग में राजा रानीयों के लिए शवदाह या शवगृह होना उन्हें जोराष्ट्रपंथी से अलग करते हैं. संभवतः ऐसे ही अन्य विशेषताओं के कारण पुरातत्वविद इसे, खोरासन जिसे हजारों किले का प्रदेश कहा जाता है, उन सबसे बिलकुल अलग और विचित्र मानते हैं.

अन्य हिन्दू, बौद्ध स्थल

जुर्माला बौद्ध स्तूप, termiz, उज्बेकिस्तान

चीनी तुर्किस्तान में ओल्डेनबर्ग को सहस्त्र बुद्ध मूर्तियों वाली एक गुफा का पता लगा. इस गुफा कि छत और दीवारों पर रंगीन चित्रकारी है, दीवारों पर कई वैदिक देवी देवता दर्शाए गए हैं.

Kurgan-Tube नाम का एक नगर उस प्रदेश के Vakhash घाटी में है. उस नगर से १० किलोमीटर दुरी पर Arin_Tepe स्थान पर एक प्राचीन मठ पाया गया. वहां पर एक विशालकाय मूर्ति का टुटा हाथ पड़ा है. उसका केवल एक अंगूठा ही पूरे जीवित मनुष्य के आकर का है. Kurgan कुरुगण शब्द है. जिस विशालकाय मूर्ति का टुटा अंगूठा वहां है वह भीम कि मूर्ति हो सकती है.

तुर्कमानिया प्रदेश के Merve गाँव में एक प्राचीन मन्दिर पाया गया. उसमें एक स्तूप, एक मठ और एक गर्भस्थान बना हुआ था. स्तूप पर चढ़ने केलिए एक सीढ़ी बना हुआ है. उस मन्दिर में बनी मिटटी कि एक विशाल बुद्ध मूर्ति इस्लामी आक्रमणकारियों ने नष्ट कर दी.

करधाना (उज्बेकिस्तान) प्रदेश के Kuva गाँव में एक प्राचीन मन्दिर पाया गया जिसमें एक विशाल मूर्ति के ललाट पर तीसरी आँख भी है. पुरातत्वविद उसे बुद्ध कि मूर्ति कहते हैं जो सम्भवतः भगवान शिव कि मूर्ति है. (वैदिक विश्व राष्ट्र का इतिहास, लेखक-पी एन ओक)

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961 thoughts on “मध्य एशिया का वैदिक इतिहास: बौद्ध राज्यों के उदय, प्रसार और तीर्थस्थलों का भ्रमण

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  200. Great blog you have here but I was curious if you knew of any discussion boards
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