प्राचीन भारत

सिकन्दर ने नहीं, महाराज पौरव ने सिकन्दर को हराया था

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शेयर करें

महाराज पौरव और सिकन्दर

झेलम और चेनाब नदियों के बीच पुरु का राज्य था. सिकन्दर के साथ हुई मुठभेड़ में पुरु परास्त हुआ किन्तु सिकन्दर ने उसका प्रदेश उसे लौटा दिया-भारत का प्राचीन इतिहास, झा एंड श्रीमाली, पृष्ठ १७१

सिविल सेवा की तयारी के दौरान दुर्भाग्यवश झा एंड श्रीमाली जैसे वामपंथी इतिहासकारों द्वारा लिखित ये मानक इतिहास हमें बार बार पढ़ना पढ़ा जो अपनी शौर्य और वीरता के लिए जगत प्रसिद्ध महान राजा पुरु का इतिहास सिकन्दर महान का गुणगान करते हुए महज इन दो वाक्यों में सिमटा दिया है. हर बार जब मैं यह इतिहास पढता तो इन दो वाक्यों के पास अपना पेन्सिल या कलम तोड़ कर भड़ास निकालने को बाध्य होता क्योंकि हर बार मुझे ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय के इतिहासकार रोबिन लेन फोक्स के द्वारा सिकन्दर पर लिखित इतिहास की पुस्तक “अलेक्जेंडर द ग्रेट” पर आधारित २००४ में बनी ओलिवर स्टोन की फिल्म “अलेक्जेंडर” मुझे याद आ जाता जिसमे इन वामपंथी इतिहासकारों के विपरीत यह दिखाया गया की सिकन्दर की सेना पुरु सेना की वीरता और उसके गज सेना के आतंक से पस्त हो गयी और जब गुस्से में सिकन्दर खुद पुरु से द्वंद करने के लिए बढ़ा तो पुरु का पुत्र ने उसके घोड़े का अंत कर दिया तो पुरु का तीर सीधे उसके पेट में जा धंसा और वह जमीन पर गिरकर बेहोश हो गया. यूनानी सैनिक उसे युद्ध भूमि से किसी प्रकार उठा ले भागे. सिकन्दर स्वस्थ हुआ परन्तु काफी कमजोर था और उसी हालात में वह वापस लौटने को बाध्य हो गया.

दूसरी तरफ १९५० के दशक में बनी सोहराब मोदी का फिल्म “सिकन्दर” भी इसी प्रकार युद्ध की घटना चित्रित किया है, परन्तु वह इन वामपंथियों का शिकार हो इसे एक टर्निंग पॉइंट दे देता है. सोहराब मोदी के फिल्म में सिकन्दर के घोड़ा को तीर लगने और उसके जमीन पर गिरने के बाद जब महाराज पुरु भाला से बार करने लगते हैं तो उन्हें सिकन्दर की ईरानी प्रेमिका को दिए वो वचन याद आ जाता है जो महाराज पुरु की वीरता से भयभीत सिकन्दर के प्राणों की भीख मांगने पुरु के पास आई थी और पुरु ने उसे वचन दिया था कि वह सिकन्दर की हत्या नहीं करेगा. उस वक्त युद्ध से भागने के पश्चात सिकन्दर रात्रि में पुरु के सोते हुए सैनिकों पर हमला करता है और पुरु को बंदी बना लेता है.

सवाल है भारत के वामपंथी इतिहासकार सिकंदर को महान और महाराज पुरु को पराजित क्यों घोषित करता है? इतिहास पर महान शोधकर्ता स्वर्गीय पुरुषोत्तम नागेश ओक कहते हैं कि “असत्य का यह घोर इतिहास भारतीय इतिहास में इसलिए पैठ गया है क्योंकि हमको उस महान संघर्ष के जितने भी वर्णन मिले हैं, वे सबके सब यूनानी इतिहासकारों के किए हुए हैं”.

वे आगे लिखते हैं, ऐसा कहा जाता है कि सिकन्दर ने झेलम नदी को सेना सहित घनी अँधेरी रात में नावों द्वारा पार कर पुरु की सेना पर आक्रमण किया था. उस दिन बारिस हो रही थी और पोरस के विशालकाय हाथी दलदल में फंस गए. किन्तु यूनानियों के इन वर्णनों की भी यदि ठीक से सूक्ष्म विवेचना करें तो स्पष्ट हो जायेगा की पोरस की गज सेना ने शत्रु शिविर में प्रलय मचा दिया था और सिकन्दर के शक्तिशाली फ़ौज को तहस-नहस कर डाला था.

महाराज पुरु की हस्ती सेना

एरियन लिखता है भारतीय युवराज ने सिकन्दर को घायल कर दिया और उसके घोड़े बुक फेलस् को मार डाला.

जस्टिन लिखता है कि  ज्यों ही युद्ध प्रारम्भ हुआ पोरस ने महानाश करने का आदेश दे दिया.

कर्टियस लिखता है कि  सिकन्दर की सेना झेलम नदी के एक द्वीप पर पड़ाव डाले था. पुरु की सेना नदी तैर कर उस पार पहुंचकर सिकन्दर की सेना के अग्रिम पंक्ति पर जोरदार हमला किया. उन्होंने अनेक यूनानी सैनिकों को मार डाला. मृत्यु से बचने के लिए अनेक यूनानी नदी में कूद पड़े, किन्तु वे सब उसी में डूब गए.

कर्टियस पोरस सेना के हाथियों का यूनानी सेना पर आतंक का वर्णन करते हुए आगे लिखता है, “इन पशुओं ने घोर आतंक उत्पन्न कर दिया था, और उनकी चिग्घार ने घोड़ों को न केवल भयातुर कर दिया जिससे वे बिगडकर भाग उठते बल्कि घुडसवारों के ह्रदय भी दहला देते. उन्होंने इतनी भगदड़ मचाई की अनेक विजयों के ये शिरोमणि अब ऐसे स्थान की खोज में लग गए जहाँ इनको शरण मिल सके, अब सिकन्दर ने छोटे छोटे टुकड़ों में हाथियों पर हमले का आदेश दिया जिससे आहत पशुओं ने क्रुद्ध हो, आक्रमणकारियों पर भीषण हमला कर दिया, उन्हें पैरों तले रौंद देते, सूंड से पकड़कर हवा में उछल देते, अपने सैनिकों के पास फेंक देते और सैनिक तत्काल उनका सर काट देते.”

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सिकन्दर-पौरव युद्ध

डीयोडोरस ने भी पुरु के हस्ती सेना का ऐसा ही वर्णन करते हुए लिखा है, “विशालकाय हाथियों में अपार बल था. उन्होंने अपने पैरों तले बहुत सारे यूनानी-सैनिकों की हड्डियाँ-पसलियाँ चूर-चूर कर दी. हाथी इन सैनिकों को सुडों से पकड़ लेते थे और भूमि में जोर से पटक देते थे. वे अपने विकराल गज दंतों से सैनिकों को गोद-गोद कर मार डालते थे.”

ओलिवर स्टोन ने अपने फिल्म में इन घटनाओं को बारीकी से दर्शाया है. यह सब वर्णन स्पष्तः प्रदर्शित करता है कि युद्ध या तो सुखी भूमि पर ही लड़ा गया था या भूमि के गीले पन का कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ा था और यूनानियों ने सिर्फ अपनी हार का गम मिटाने के लिए हाईडेस्पिस् (झेलम) की लड़ाई के बारे में मिथ्या फैलाया.

इथोपियाई महाकाव्यों का सम्पादन करने वाले श्री ई ए डव्लू बेंज ने अपनी रचना में सिकन्दर के जीवन और उसके विजय अभियानों का वर्णन सम्मिलित किया है. उनका कहना है कि  , “झेलम के युद्ध में सिकन्दर की अश्व सेना का अधिकांश भाग मारा गया था. सिकन्दर ने अनुभव कर लिया था कि  यदि मैं लड़ाई जारी रखूंगा, तो पूर्ण रूप से अपना नाश कर लूँगा. अतः उसने युद्ध बंद कर देने के लिए पोरस से प्रार्थना की. भारतीय परम्परा के सत्यानुरूप ही पोरस ने शरणागत शत्रु का वध नहीं किया. इसके बाद दोनों ने एक संधि पर हस्ताक्षर किए. अन्य प्रदेशों को अपने सम्राज्यधीन करने में, फिर, पोरस की सहायता सिकन्दर ने की.”

श्री बेंज ने आगे सिकन्दर के पत्र का विवरण भी दिया है. उन्होंने लिखा है कि सिकन्दर ने पोरस से शांति का प्रार्थना करते हुए निवेदन किया था-“श्रीमान पोरस! मुझे क्षमा कर दीजिए. मैंने आपकी शूरता और सामर्थ्य शिरोधार्य कर ली है. अब इन कष्टों को मैं और अधिक सह नहीं सकूंगा. दुखी हृदय हो मैं अब अपना जीवन समाप्त करने का इरादा कर चूका हूँ. मैं नहीं चाहता कि मेरे सैनिक मेरे ही सामान विनष्ट हों. मैं वह अपराधी हूँ जिसने इन सैनिकों को कराल काल के गाल में घकेल दिया है. किसी राजा को यह शोभा नहीं देता की वह अपने सैनिकों को इस प्रकार मौत के मुंह में धकेल दे.”

मुझे श्री बेंज की बातों में सच्चाई मालूम पड़ती है. भला एक साम्राज्यवादी विजेता अथक प्रयास और अपूरणीय क्षति के बाद विजित राजा को उसके राज्य के साथ साथ अपने द्वारा विजित अन्य प्रदेश भी दे सकता है ताकि वह और शक्तिशाली हो जाए? इसके अतिरिक्त इतिहास में कोई और उद्धरण तो मैंने नहीं देखा है, परन्तु अंग्रेजी दासता के गुलाम वामपंथी इतिहासकार हमे यूनानियों की यही बात मानने को बाध्य करते हैं कि सिकन्दर ने पुरु को परास्त किया फिर उदारता दिखाते हुए उसके राज्य लौटा दिए और अपने विजित राज्य का एक हस्सा भी उसे दे दिया.

वास्तविकता यह थी कि पराजित सिकन्दर को विजित पोरस की शर्तों के अनुसार उसे पोरस के शत्रु राज्यों या छोटे छोटे राज्यों को जीतने में मदद करनी पड़ी थी और हर्जाने के रूप में पूर्व विजित राज्यों का कुछ हिस्सा भी देना पड़ा था. यही तथ्य की पोरस ने सिकन्दर से अपना प्रदेश खोने की अपेक्षा कुछ जीता ही था, प्रदर्शित करता है कि वास्तविक विजेता सिकन्दर नहीं महाराज पुरु थे और सिकन्दर को अपना विजित प्रदेश देकर संधि करनी पड़ी थी. हमे जो इतिहास पढाया जाता है वो वामपंथी इतिहासकारों का प्रपंच मात्र है. यह लिखित तथ्य भी की बाद में अभिसार ने सिकन्दर से मिलने से इंकार कर दिया था, सिकन्दर की पराजय का संकेत हैं. यदि सिकन्दर विजेता होता तो तटस्थ अभिसार कभी भी उसकी अवहेलना करने की हिम्मत नहीं करता.

इतिहासकार पुरुषोत्तम नागेश ओक लिखते हैं, “रावी और व्यास नदी के मध्य भाग में सिकन्दर की सेनाओं को अनेक विकट लड़ाईयां लड़नी पड़ी थी. प्राचीन काल में भारतीय इतने सतर्क और सावधान रहते थे कि  वे किसी प्रकार का सशस्त्र अतिक्रमण सहन नहीं करते थे. प्रत्येक नागरिक एक सैनिक था. इसलिए व्यास के तट पर पहुंचते पहुंचते सिकन्दर के सैनिकों ने और आगे कोई भी लड़ाई लड़ने से साफ इंकार कर दिया क्योंकि उनका विकट शस्त्र प्रतिरोध हुआ, उन्हें भूखे रहना पड़ा. वे क्षत बिक्षत एवं युद्ध से थक चुके थे.”

वे आगे कहते हैं, “महाराज पोरस ने रणनीति के तहत उन्हें अपने राज्य से होते हुए सिंध और मकरान के मार्गों से वापस जाने दिया था न की छोटे छोटे राज्यों को जीतने और लूटने केलिए जैसा की यूनानी इतिहासकार दावा करते हैं. भूख प्यास से मरती सिकन्दर की सेना खाने पीने के समानों केलिए छोटे राज्यों और शहरों पर हमले कर आगे बढ़ रही थी. सिकन्दर की सेना भूख प्यास से मरकर कम हो रही थी. इसी दौरान मलावी नामक भारतीय जन जातियों ने सिकन्दर की सेना का कड़ा मुकाबला किया जिससे सिकन्दर मौत के मुंह में जाते जाते बचा.”

प्लूटार्क ने मलावी जनजातियों से युद्ध का वर्णन करते हुए लिखा है, “भारत में सबसे अधिक खूंखार लड़ाकू जाति मलावी लोगों द्वारा सिकन्दर की देह के टुकड़े टुकड़े होने ही वाले थे…अपनी छोटी सी टुकड़ी और स्वयं अपने को ही इन बर्बर लोगों के तीर-भालों के भयानक संघातों से परेशान पाकर वह उन लोगों के मध्य कूद पड़ा. उनकी तलवारें और भाले सिकन्दर के कवच को भेद गये और उसे भयानक रूप में आहत कर दिया. शत्रु का एक शर-संधान इतने प्रबल वेग से हुआ था कि  वह उसके जिरह-बख्तर को पार कर गया और उसकी पसलियों में घुस गया. सिकन्दर घुटनों के बल जा गिरा. उसी समय उसका शत्रु करवाल लेकर उसका शीर्ष उतारने केलिए दौड़ पड़ा. प्युसेस्ट्स और लिम्नेयस ने स्वयं को सिकन्दर की रक्षार्थ आगे कर दिया, किन्तु उनमें से एक तो मार डाला गया और दूसरा अत्यंत घायल हो गया.”

युद्ध

इसी मारकाट के बिच में सिकन्दर की गर्दन पर भारी मोटे सिरे वाला डंडे का प्रहार हुआ. उसका अंगरक्षक उसे उसकी अचेतावस्था में ही किसी सुरक्षित स्थान पर ले गया. मलावियों की ही भांति म्युजिकन, ओक्सिकन और सम्बुस भारतीय जातियों ने भी सिकन्दर की सेना को भयंकर युद्ध में कम किया. भयभीत सिकन्दर बलूचिस्तान की ओर मुड़ गया. इस क्षेत्र में भी ओरीटस लोगों ने यूनानी सेना को भारी क्षति पहुंचाई. थका मांदा, भूखा प्यासा वह मड्रेसिया पार कर कार्मेनिया पहुंचा जहाँ क्रेटर्स के नेतृत्व में एक टुकड़ी उसके साथ आ मिली और किसी प्रकार वह जिन्दा वापस लौट सका.

जरा सोचिये, यूनानियों ने तो सिकन्दर की हार को जीत बताकर अपने देश की गौरवगाथा और अपना माथा ऊँचा रखने का प्रयास कर रहे थे, ऑक्सफोर्ड विश्वविद्यालय के इतिहासकार रोबिन लेन फोक्स ने भी सिकन्दर पर लिखित इतिहास की पुस्तक “अलेक्जेंडर द ग्रेट” में इतिहास की सच्चाई को दर्शाया है, परन्तु हमारे देश के वामपंथी इतिहासकार अपने ही देश की गौरवगाथा को मिटटी में मिलाकर किसका भला कर रहे हैं?

आपको यह भी बता दूँ की २८ जून ३२३ बीसी में सिकन्दर की मौत पश्चात उसकी पत्नी ने ऑगस नामक एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया था, किन्तु कुछ महीनों के भीतर ही सिकन्दर की पत्नी एवं अबोध शिशु मार डाले गए. यदि सिकन्दर विजेता होता तो उसके मरणोंपरांत उसकी पत्नी और बच्चे की यह दुर्दशा नहीं होती.

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